Us Navy Jet Plan Drawing

Decorative painting or pattern on the fuselage of an aircraft

Virgin Atlantic A340-600 1000-VGAS nose art

Nose art is a decorative painting or design on the fuselage of an shipping, usually on the front fuselage.

While begun for practical reasons of identifying friendly units, the practice evolved to express the individuality oft constrained by the uniformity of the military, to evoke memories of home and peacetime life, and as a kind of psychological protection against the stresses of state of war and the probability of death. The appeal, in office, came from nose art non being officially approved, even when the regulations against it were not enforced.^{[one] [two]}

Because of its individual and unofficial nature, it is considered folk art, inseparable from work likewise as representative of a group.^[1] It can as well be compared to sophisticated graffiti. In both cases, the artist is often anonymous, and the art itself is ephemeral. In addition, information technology relies on materials immediately available.^[1]

Nose art is largely a military tradition, simply civilian airliners operated by the Virgin Group feature "Virgin Girls" on the nose as part of their livery. In a broad sense, the tail art of several airlines such as the Eskimo of Alaska Airlines can be called "nose art", as are the tail markings of present-day U.S. Navy squadrons. In that location were exceptions, including the Viii Bomber Command, 301st Flop Group B-17F "Whizzer", which had its girl-riding-a-bomb on the dorsal fin.^[three]

History [edit]

Placing personalized decorations on fighting shipping began with Italian and High german pilots. The start recorded example was a sea monster painted on an Italian flying gunkhole in 1913.^{[ citation needed ]} This was followed by the popular practise of painting a mouth below the propeller'southward spinner begun by High german pilots in World War I. What is perhaps the most famous of all nose art, the shark-face insignia later made famous by the Commencement American Volunteer Group (AVG) Flying Tigers, first appeared in Earth State of war I on a British Sopwith Dolphin and a German Roland C.II, though often with an result more comical than menacing.^{[four] [ page needed ]} The cavallino rampante ("prancing horse") of the Italian ace Francesco Baracca was another well-known epitome.

World War I [edit]

World War I nose fine art was usually embellished or extravagant squadron insignia. This followed the official policy established by the American Expeditionary Forces' Chief of the Air Service, Brigadier General Benjamin Foulois, on vi May 1918, requiring the cosmos of distinct, readily identifiable squadron insignia.^[5] World War I examples include the "Hat in the Ring" of the American 94th Aero Squadron (attributed to Lt. Johnny Wentworth)^[5] and the "Kick Mule" of the 95th Aero Squadron. Nose art of that era was often conceived and produced non by the pilots, but rather by footing crews.

• 

  Eddie Rickenbacker with SPAD XIII (annotation the "Hat in the Band" 94th Aero Squadron insignia), France, 1918

• 

  Spad XIII pursuit aircraft of the 95th Aero Squadron with the "Kicking Mule" insignia, France, 1918

Earth State of war Two [edit]

Hell's Angels, the 3rd Squadron of the 1st American Volunteer Group "Flying Tigers", 28 May 1942

True olfactory organ art appeared during World War Ii, which is considered past many observers^{[ citation needed ]} to be the gilt historic period of the genre, with both Centrality and Allied pilots taking part. At the height of the war, nose artists were in very high demand in the USAAF and were paid quite well for their services, while AAF commanders tolerated nose fine art in an try to boost aircrew morale. The U.S. Navy, past contrast, prohibited nose fine art, the most extravagant being express to a few just-lettered names, while olfactory organ art was uncommon in the Royal Air Force and Royal Canadian Air Force. The work was washed by professional person civilian artists as well as talented amateur servicemen. In 1941, for instance, the 39th Pursuit Squadron commissioned a Bell Aircraft artist to design and paint the "Cobra in the Clouds" logo on their aircraft.^[half-dozen]

Perhaps the almost enduring nose art of World War II was the shark-face motif, which commencement appeared on the Messerschmitt Bf 110s of Luftwaffe Zerstörergeschwader 76 ("76th Destroyer Fly") over Crete, where the twin-engined Messerschmitts outmatched the Gloster Gladiator biplanes of No. 112 Squadron RAF.^{[ citation needed ]} The Commonwealth pilots were withdrawn to Egypt and refitted with Curtiss Tomahawks (P-40) off the aforementioned associates line edifice fighter shipping for the American Volunteer Grouping (AVG) Flight Tigers existence recruited for service in Red china. In November 1941, AVG pilots saw a color photo in a newspaper of a shark mouth painted on a 112 Squadron P-xl fighter in North Africa and immediately adopted the shark-face motif for their own P-40Bs.^[vii] The British version itself was inspired past "sharkmouth" nose art (without any eyes) on the Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighters of Zerstörergeschwader 76 . This work was done by the pilots and ground coiffure in the field.^[8] Nonetheless, the insignia for the "Flying Tigers" – a winged Bengal Tiger jumping through a stylized V for Victory symbol – was adult by graphic artists from the Walt Disney Company.^[9]

Similarly, when in 1943 the 39th Fighter Squadron became the first American squadron in their theatre with 100 kills, they adopted the shark-face for their Lockheed P-38 Lightnings.^[6] The shark-confront is still used to this solar day, most commonly seen on the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt Ii (with its gaping maw leading up to the cage of the aircraft's GAU-viii Avenger 30mm cannon), especially those of the 23d Fighter Group, the AVG's descendent unit, and a testament to its popularity equally a form of nose art.

The "Dragon and His Tail" nose art on a B-24 Liberator, Moffett Field, 2004 – from 2005-on, Witchcraft (s/n 44-44052)

The largest known work of nose art ever depicted on a Earth War 2-era American combat aircraft was on a Consolidated B-24 Liberator, tail number 44-40973, which had been named "The Dragon and his Tail" of the USAAF Fifth Air Strength 64th Bomb Squadron, 43d Bomb Group, in the Southwest Pacific, flown by a crew led by Joseph Pagoni, with Staff Sergeant Sarkis Bartigian every bit the artist. The dragon artwork ran from the nose just forward of the cockpit, down the entire length of the fuselage's sides, with the dragon's body depicted direct beneath and just aft of the cockpit, with the dragon property a nude woman in its forefeet.^{[10] [11]}

Sgt. J.South. Wilson painting a bomber based at Eniwetok in June 1944

Tony Starcer was the resident artist for the 91st Bomb Group (Heavy), one of the initial six groups fielded past the 8th Air Strength. Starcer painted over a hundred pieces of renowned B-17 nose art, including "Memphis Belle".^{[12] [13]} A commercial artist named Brinkman, from Chicago was responsible for the zodiac-themed nose fine art of the B-24 Liberator-equipped 834th Bomb Squadron, based at RAF Sudbury, England.^[14]

Contemporary research demonstrates that bomber crews, who suffered high prey rates during World War II, often developed strong bonds with the planes they were flying, and affectionately decorated them with olfactory organ fine art.^{[15] [sixteen]} It was also believed by the flight crews that the nose art was bringing luck to the planes.^[17]

The artistic work of Alberto Vargas and George Petty's pin-up girls from Esquire Mag were ofttimes duplicated, or adapted, by air force crews and painted on the nose of American and allied shipping during World State of war Ii.

Some olfactory organ fine art was commemorative or intended to honor certain people, such as the Boeing B-29 Superfortress "The Ernie Pyle".^[18]

Mail Globe War II [edit]

Boeing KC-135E Stratotanker, based with Sioux City Air National Guard, 2007.

In the Korean War, olfactory organ fine art was popular with units operating A-26 Invader and B-29 bombers, C-119 Flight Boxcar transports, besides as USAF fighter-bombers.^[19] Due to changes in war machine policies and irresolute attitudes toward the representation of women, the amount of nose fine art declined after the Korean State of war.

During the Vietnam War, Lockheed Air conditioning-130 gunships of the U.S. Air Force Special Operations Squadrons were frequently given names with accompanying olfactory organ art – for example, "Thor", "Azrael – Angel of Death", "Ghost Rider", "State of war Lord" and "The Arbitrator."^[xx] The unofficial gunship badge of a flight skeleton with a Minigun was likewise applied to many aircraft until the end of the war and was later adopted officially.

A-10 Thunderbolt 2 with shark rima oris themed nose art, Kandahar Airfield, Afghanistan, 2011

Nose art underwent a revival during the Gulf State of war and has become more than mutual since Functioning Enduring Freedom and the Republic of iraq State of war began. Many crews are merging artwork every bit part of camouflage patterns. The United States Air Force had unofficially sanctioned the return of the pin-upwardly (albeit fully clothed) with the Strategic Air Command permitting nose art on its bomber force in the Command's last years. The continuation of historic names such equally "Memphis Belle" was encouraged.

Regional variation [edit]

Source material for American nose fine art was varied, ranging from pinups such every bit Rita Hayworth and Betty Grable and cartoon characters such equally Donald Duck, Bugs Bunny, and Popeye to patriotic characters (Yankee Putter) and fictional heroes (Sam Spade). Lucky symbols such every bit dice and playing cards also inspired olfactory organ fine art, forth with references to mortality such as the Grim Reaper.^[1] Cartoons and pinups were virtually pop among American artists, but other works included animals, nicknames, hometowns, and pop song and moving picture titles. Some nose art and slogans expressed contempt of the enemy, especially of their leaders.

The further the planes and coiffure were from headquarters or from the public eye, the racier the art tended to be.^[1] For example, nudity was more than common in olfactory organ fine art on shipping in the Pacific than on aircraft in Europe.^[21]

Luftwaffe aircraft did non often display nose art, just there were exceptions.^{[22] [ folio needed ]} For example, Mickey Mouse adorned a Condor Legion Messerschmitt Bf 109 during the Castilian Civil War and one Ju 87A was decorated with a big pig inside a white circle during the same period. Adolf Galland'south Bf-109E-3 of JG 26 also had a depiction of Mickey Mouse, holding a contemporary telephone in his easily, in mid-1941. A Ju 87B-one (Geschwaderkennung of S2+AC) of Stab II/St. G 77, piloted by Major Alfons Orthofer and based in Breslau-Schöngarten during the invasion of Poland, was painted with a shark's mouth, and some Bf 110s were decorated with furious wolf'southward heads, stylistic wasps (as with SKG 210 and ZG one), or as in the case of ZG 76, the shark mouths that inspired both the RAF's 112 Squadron and in turn the Flying Tigers in Prc, on their noses or engine covers. Another case was Erich Hartmann's Bf-109G-14, "Lumpi", with an hawkeye'south head. The fighter fly Jagdgeschwader 54 was known as the Grünherz (Green Hearts) later on their fuselage emblem, a large green heart. The Geschwader was originally formed in Thüringen, nicknamed "the green heart of Germany". Peradventure the flashiest Luftwaffe nose fine art was the ruddy and white viper snake insignia running through the whole fuselage of certain Junkers Ju 87 Stuka dive bombers that served with the II Gruppe, and especially the vi. Staffel of Sturzkampfgeschwader two in North Africa campaign, the only known artwork on an Axis-flown combat aircraft that could take rivaled the length of that on "The Dragon and his Tail" B-24.

The Soviet Air Forces decorated their planes with historical images, mythical beasts, and patriotic slogans.

The mental attitude of the Finnish Air Strength to the nose art varied by unit. Some units disallowed nose art, while others tolerated it. Generally, the Finnish airforce nose art was humorous or satirical, such as the "horned Stalin" on Maj. Maunula's Curtiss P-36 fighter.

The Japan Air Self-Defense force Forcefulness has busy fighter shipping with Valkyrie-themed characters under the names Mystic Eagle and Shooting Eagle.^[23]

Beginning in 2011, the Nihon Basis Self-Defense Force has AH-1S Cobra anti-tank helicopters and Kawasaki OH-1 observation helicopter named Ita-Cobra and Ita-Omega respectively, decorated in the theme of 4 Kisarazu (木更津) sisters (Akane (木更津茜), Aoi (木更津葵), Wakana (木更津若菜), Yuzu (木更津柚子)).^[24] The Aoi-chan beginning appeared in 2011, followed past the other three sisters in 2012.^{[25] [26]}

Canadian Forces were reported having olfactory organ art on CH-47D Chinook and CH-146 Griffon helicopters in Afghanistan.^[27]

Famous examples [edit]

• Pierre Clostermann'due south Hawker Tempest Le Grand Charles featured the Cross of Lorraine.
• Brendan Finucane'due south Spitfires wore a shamrock with a "B" within it. Ireland's top ace in World State of war Two who as well was the youngest wing commander in Royal Air Force history.
• Adolf Galland was famous for painting Mickey Mouse on his aircraft, and the mascot was adopted by his Gruppe during the early airwar phase of World War II.
• Don Gentile'southward North American P-51 Mustang named "Shangri-La", with an eagle sporting boxing gloves.
• Ian Gleed's Hawker Hurricanes and Supermarine Spitfire featured Figaro the Cat, from the 1940 Disney blithe movie Pinocchio.
• Erich Hartmann's Bf 109s featured a distinctive "blackness tulip" pattern on the very front of the cowling, immediately behind the spinner.
• Johnny Johnson's Supermarine Spitfire Mk.IX featured the Canadian maple leaf.
• John D. Landers' P-51D, which sported a distinctive blackness-and-white checkerboard with red trim.
• Ted W. Lawson, who (along with journalist Bob Considine) famously wrote about the 1942 Doolittle Raid in 30 Seconds Over Tokyo, piloted a North American B-25 Mitchell bomber nicknamed The Ruptured Duck, afterward a minor preparation accident in which the shipping tail scraped the ground during takeoff; this was decorated past a caricature of an angry Donald Duck figure with crutches and wearing a pilot's headphones.
• James MacLachlan, who flew with an artificial arm, had his Hawker Hurricane adorned with a motion picture of his amputated arm giving a Five sign
• Werner Mölders flew a xanthous-nosed Messerschmitt Bf 109F-two while with JG 51 during June 1941.
• Chuck Yeager's serial of aircraft named "Glamorous Glennis", with bright letter art.

The markings of aces were often adopted by their squadrons, such as Galland'south Mickey Mouse and Hartmann's black tulip (still in use until recently on the aircraft of JG 71 "Richthofen" – not known to be in use on the unit of measurement's new Eurofighter Typhoons).

Similar fine art [edit]

Designs like to aviation nose art could be found during Earth State of war II on some British torpedo boats, and German language and US submarines.

Bans [edit]

In 1993 the United States Air Force Air Mobility Command ordered that all nose art should be gender-neutral.^[28]

See also [edit]

• Aircraft livery
• Victory marking, a similar practice often applied on the aircraft's nose

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} "War machine Aircraft Nose Fine art". Retrieved xxx December 2014.
2. ^ Ethell, Jeffrey L. (1991). The History of Aircraft Nose Art: Globe War I to Today. Osceola, Wisconsin: Motorbooks International, p. xiv.
3. ^ Bowers, Peter Grand. (1976). Fortress In The Sky, Granada Hills, CA: Sentry Books. ISBN 0-913194-04-two, p. 219.
4. ^ Ward, Richard. Sharkmouth, 1916–1945. New York: Arco, 1979.
5. ^ ^{a b} "Air Force Historical Research Agency". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
6. ^ ^{a b} "Military Flying, CHOCKIE 39th History". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
7. ^ Rossi, Dick (1980s). "A Flying Tigers Story". The Flight Tigers – American Volunteer Group – Chinese Air Force.
8. ^ Ford, Daniel. Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941–1942. Washington, DC: Harper Collins–Smithsonian Books, 2007, pp. 82–83.
9. ^ Eisel, Braxton. The Flying Tigers: Chennault'due south American Volunteer Group in Red china. Washington, DC: Air Force History and Museums Program, 2009.
10. ^ "From the 64th Squadron Briefing Room". Retrieved 30 Dec 2014.
11. ^ "From the 64th Squadron Conference Room". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
12. ^ "Tony Starcer – Nose Artist – 91st BG". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
13. ^ Marker Bowden. "USAAF Nose Art Inquiry Project – Named planes of the USAAF during WWII". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
14. ^ Valant, Gary Grand. Archetype Vintage Nose Fine art. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Lowe and B. Hould, 1997, pp. thirteen–15.
15. ^ Pfau, Ann Elizabeth. Miss Yourlovin: GIs, Gender and Domesticity During World War Two. New York: Columbia University Printing, 2008. Available at Gutenberg-e, a program of the American Historical Clan and Columbia University Press: [1]
16. ^ Banker, Franklin (June xi, 1944). "U.S. bombers stripped of captivating nudes". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. p. 7.
17. ^ Polmar, Norman, and Thomas B. Allen. World War Two: The Encyclopedia of the War Years, 1941–1945. New York: Random House, 1996, p. 595.
18. ^ Superfort "Ernie Pyle", Gift of Plane Plane Workers, Here En Route to Japan PDF Archived 2011-07-08 at the Wayback Automobile
19. ^ Thompson, Warren Eastward. Heavy Hauler. Wings of Fame, The Journal of Classic Combat Shipping, Book 20. London: Aerospace Publishing Ltd., 2000, p. 107.
20. ^ Olausson, Lars. Lockheed Hercules Production List – 1954–2011, 27th ed. Såtenäs, Sweden, 2009. (Cocky-published.)
21. ^ Cohan, Phil. "Risque Business." Air and Space, five (Apr.–May 1990), p. 65.
22. ^ Ketley, Barry. Luftwaffe emblems. Manchester: Flight Recorder Publications, 2012.
23. ^ "Noseart – Works". Retrieved 30 December 2014.
24. ^ "The Four Sisters of the Quaternary Anti-Tank Helicopter Team are Celebrated One Concluding Time!".
25. ^ "The Japanese Armed forces Is Getting Offensively Cute".
26. ^ "Nippon's Armed Forces Bear witness Their Playful Side: Moé-Style Attack Helicopter Wows Crowds".
27. ^ "Canadian chopper crews revive nose-fine art tradition in Transitional islamic state of afghanistan". Asian Defense force. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
28. ^ Military Airplanes Go New Gender-neutral Look, Steve Fide, Deseret News, July 20, 1993.

Bibliography [edit]

• Bloomfield, Gary 50., Stacie L. Shain, & Arlen C. Davidson. Duty, honor, applause : America's entertainers in World War Two. Guilford, CN: Lyon's Press, 2004. ISBN ane-59228-550-three. (pp. 400–405 hash out pivot-up girl and nose art.)
• Bredau, Robert (1989). The Meaning of Nose Art: An Anthropological Perspective (Thesis). California Land University.
• Campbell, John Grand. & Campbell, Donna. War paint : fighter nose art from WWII & Korea. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International, 1990.
• Chinnery, Philip. 50 years of the desert boneyard : Davis Monthan A.F.B., Arizona. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks, International, 1995.
• Cohan, Phil. "Risque Business." Air and Space five (Apr.–May 1990): 62–71.
• Davis, Larry. Planes, Names and Dames: 1940–1945. Vol. ane. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1990.
• Davis, Larry. Planes, Names and Dames: 1946–1960. Vol. 2. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Betoken Publications, 1990.
• Davis, Larry. Planes, Names and Dames: 1955–1975. Vol. three. Carrollton, TX: Squadron/Betoken Publications, 1990.
• Dorr, Robert F. Fighting Colors: Celebrity Days of U.South. Shipping Markings. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International, 1990.
• Ethell, Jeffrey L. The History of Shipping Nose Fine art: World War I to Today. Osceola, WI: Motorbooks International, 1991.
• Ford, Daniel. Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and His American Volunteers, 1941–1942. Washington, DC: HarperCollins–Smithsonian Books, 2007. ISBN 0-06-124655-7.
• Fugere, Jerry. Desert Tempest B-52 Nose Art. Tucson, AZ: J. Fugere, 1999.
• Ketley, Barry. Luftwaffe emblems. Manchester: Flight Recorder Publications, 2012.
• Logan, Ian. Swish Chassy. New York: W. W. Visual Library, 1977.
• March, Peter R. Desert Warpaint. London: Osprey Aerospace, 1992.
• McDowell, Ernest R. The P-40 Kittyhawk at War. New York: Arco Publishing, 1968.
• O'Leary, Michael D. "Disney Goes to War!" Air Classics 32, no. v (1996): twoscore–42, 45–51.
• Schellinger, Andretta F. "Aircraft Nose Art: American, French, and British Imagery and its influence from World War I through the Vietnam War", Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2015 ISBN 9780786497713.
• Schellinger, Andretta F. From Knights to Skulls: The Cultural Evolution of Nose Artwork. The Dalles, OR: Schellinger Research Publishing, 2013. ISBN 978-1493606375.
• Tullis, Thomas A. Tigers over China : camouflage, markings, and squadron insignia of the American Volunteer Group's aircraft in China, 1941–42. Hamilton, MT: Hawkeye Editions, 2001.
• Valant, Gary K. Classic Vintage Nose Art. Ann Arbor, MI: Lowe and B. Hould (an imprint of Borders, Inc.), 1997. ISBN 0-681-22744-3.
• Velasco, Gary. Fighting Colors: The Creation of Military Shipping Nose Fine art. Turner Publishing, 2004.
• Walker, Randy. Painted Ladies. West Chester, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 1992.
• Walker, Randy. More than painted ladies : mod military shipping nose-art & unusual markings. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing, 1994.
• Ward, Richard. Sharkmouth, 1916–1945. New York: Arco, 1979.
• Wayland, Kent (2014). ""Information technology's Not an Airplane, It's My Baby": Using a Gender Metaphor to Make Sense of Sometime Warplanes in North America". In Lipset, David; Handler, Richard (eds.). Vehicles: Cars, Canoes, and Other Metaphors of Moral Imagination (Kickoff Paperback ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 69–87. Retrieved ii March 2020.
• Wesemann, Terri (2019). Metal Storytellers: Reflections of War Culture in Silverplate B-29 Nose Art from the 509th Composite Grouping (Thesis). Utah State Academy. Retrieved 2 March 2020.

External links [edit]

• Don Allen's Art ^{[ dead link ]}
• USAAF Nose Art Inquiry Projection
• Olfactory organ fine art history and replica panels
• Nose art gallery
• Nose fine art of Globe War II airplanes.
• nose art at the International Bomber Control Center Digital Archive.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose_art

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