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Why an Ice Age Can Happen if Global Climate Change Is Occurring

Written By Wednesday, February 16, 2022 Add Comment Edit
This graph, based on the comparison of atmospheric samples contained in ancient ice cores and more recent direct measurements, provides evidence that atmospheric CO2 has increased dramatically since the Industrial Revolution compared to paleoclimatologic (past climate) measurements over the past 800,000 years.. (Source: [[LINK||http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/icecore/||NOAA]])

This graph, based on the comparison of atmospheric samples independent in ancient ice cores and more contempo direct measurements, provides evidence that atmospheric CO2 has increased dramatically since the Industrial Revolution compared to paleoclimatologic (past climate) measurements over the past 800,000 years. (Credit: Luthi, D., et al.. 2008; Etheridge, D.1000., et al. 2010; Vostok ice core information/J.R. Petit et al.; NOAA Mauna Loa CO2 record.) Find out more almost ice cores (external site).

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In Brief:

Directly observations made on and above Earth's surface evidence the planet'southward climate is significantly irresolute. Human activities are the primary driver of those changes.

Earth's climate has changed throughout history. Only in the last 650,000 years there take been seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat, with the abrupt end of the terminal ice historic period nigh 11,700 years agone marking the beginning of the modern climate era — and of human civilization. Near of these climate changes are attributed to very small variations in Earth's orbit that change the amount of solar free energy our planet receives.

Scientific prove for warming of the climate arrangement is unequivocal.

The current warming tendency is of particular significance because it is unequivocally the result of human activity since the mid-20th century and proceeding at a rate that is unprecedented over millennia.1 It is undeniable that human being activities accept warmed the atmosphere, ocean, and state and that widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere, and biosphere have occurred.

Earth-orbiting satellites and other technological advances take enabled scientists to come across the big picture, collecting many unlike types of information most our planet and its climate on a global calibration. This body of information, collected over many years, reveals the signals of a changing climate.

The heat-trapping nature of carbon dioxide and other gases was demonstrated in the mid-19th century.2 Their power to affect the transfer of infrared free energy through the atmosphere is the scientific basis of many instruments flown by NASA. There is no question that increased levels of greenhouse gases must cause Earth to warm in response.

Ice cores drawn from Greenland, Antarctica, and tropical mountain glaciers bear witness that Globe'southward climate responds to changes in greenhouse gas levels. Ancient testify can likewise be establish in tree rings, body of water sediments, coral reefs, and layers of sedimentary rocks. This aboriginal, or paleoclimate, show reveals that current warming is occurring roughly ten times faster than the average rate of ice-age-recovery warming. Carbon dioxide from human activity is increasing more 250 times faster than it did from natural sources after the last Water ice Age.three

The show for rapid climate change is compelling:

Global Temperature Rising

  • The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 2.0 degrees Fahrenheit (1.1 degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century

    The planet's average surface temperature has risen well-nigh 2 degrees Fahrenheit (ane degrees Celsius) since the late 19th century, a change driven largely by increased carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere and other human activities.4 Most of the warming occurred in the by twoscore years, with the seven most recent years being the warmest. The years 2022 and 2022 are tied for the warmest year on record. five

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  • An indicator of current global average temperature as measured by NASA, updated monthly.

    An indicator of current global average temperature every bit measured by NASA; updated annually.

  • An overview of the greenhouse effect and other contributors to abrupt climate change.

    An overview of the greenhouse effect and other contributors to precipitous climate change.

  • A visualization of global temperature changes since 1880 based on NASA GISS data.

    A visualization of global temperature changes since 1880 based on NASA GISS data.

Warming Bounding main

  • The ocean has absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 100 meters (about 328 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.6 degrees Fahrenheit since 1969.

    The ocean has absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 100 meters (about 328 feet) of ocean showing warming of more than 0.six degrees Fahrenheit (0.33 degrees Celsius) since 1969.6 Earth stores ninety% of the actress free energy in the bounding main.

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  • An overview of the ocean's role in climate change and how it stores and releases heat from the atmosphere.

    An overview of the ocean's office in climate change and how it stores and releases heat from the atmosphere.

  • A lighthearted look at the effect of climate change on the world's ocean and the heat capacity of water.

    A lighthearted look at the result of climatic change on the world'due south ocean and the heat capacity of water.

  • Ocean waters melting the undersides of Antarctic ice shelves are responsible for most of the continent's ice shelf mass loss, a new study by NASA and university researchers has found.

    Warming bounding main waters melting the undersides of Antarctic ice shelves, leading to calving increases at the ice fronts, are responsible for near of the continent'due south ice shelf mass loss, a written report by NASA and university researchers institute. Ice lost from the water ice sheets' margins far exceed whatever gains in the interiors.

Shrinking Ice Sheets

  • The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets have decreased in mass

    The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets take decreased in mass. Information from NASA'southward Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment bear witness Greenland lost an average of 279 billion tons of ice per year between 1993 and 2019, while Antarctica lost about 148 billion tons of ice per year.7

    Paradigm: Flowing meltwater from the Greenland ice sheet

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  • An indicator of the current volume and the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets using data from NASA's Grace satellite.

    An indicator of the current volume and the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets using data from NASA's Grace satellite.

  • An interactive exploration of how global warming is affecting sea ice, glaciers, and continental ice sheets world wide.

    An interactive exploration of how global warming is affecting sea ice, glaciers, and continental ice sheets world wide.

Glacial Retreat

  • Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska, and Africa.

    Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere effectually the globe — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska, and Africa.eight

    Image: The disappearing snowcap of Mount Kilimanjaro, from space.

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  • An interactive exploration of how global warming is affecting sea ice, glaciers, and continental ice sheets worldwide.

    An interactive exploration of how global warming is affecting sea water ice, glaciers, and continental ice sheets worldwide.

Decreased Snow Cover

  • Satellite observations reveal that the amount of spring snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere has decreased over the past five decades and the snow is melting earlier

    Satellite observations reveal that the amount of spring snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere has decreased over the past 5 decades and the snow is melting earlier.9

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  • As an information and referral center in support of polar and cryospheric research,NSIDC archives and distributes digital and analog snow, ice, and soil moisture data

    Equally an information and referral center in support of polar and cryospheric research, NSIDC archives and distributes digital and analog snow, ice, and soil moisture data.

  • Time series of global snow cover from NASA's Earth Observatory.

    Time serial of global snow cover from NASA's Earth Observatory.

Sea Level Rise

  • Global sea level rose about 8 inches (20 centimeters) in the last century. The rate in the last two decades, however, is nearly double that of the last century and accelerating slightly every year

    Global bounding main level rose about viii inches (20 centimeters) in the last century. The rate in the last two decades, however, is about double that of the last century and accelerating slightly every year.10

    Image: Commonwealth of Maldives: Vulnerable to bounding main level rising

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  • An indicator of current global sea level as measured by satellites, updated monthly.

    An indicator of current global sea level as measured by satellites, updated monthly.

  • Test your knowledge of sea level rise with this interactive quiz.

    Test your knowledge of sea level rise with this interactive quiz.

Declining Arctic Sea Water ice

  • Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades

    Both the extent and thickness of Arctic ocean water ice has declined speedily over the final several decades.11

    Image: Visualization of the 2012 Arctic body of water ice minimum, the lowest on record

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  • An indicator of changes in the Arctic sea ice minimum over time. Arctic sea ice extent both affects and is affected by global climate change.

    An indicator of changes in the Arctic sea ice minimum over time. Arctic sea water ice extent both affects and is affected by global climate change.

  • An interactive exploration of how global warming is affecting sea ice, glaciers, and continental ice sheets worldwide.

    An interactive exploration of how global warming is affecting sea water ice, glaciers, and continental ice sheets worldwide.

  • NASA's Operation IceBridge imaged Earth's polar ice in unprecedented detail to better understand processes that connect the polar regions with the global climate system.

    NASA's Performance IceBridge imaged Earth's polar water ice in unprecedented item to better sympathize processes that connect the polar regions with the global climate system.

Extreme Events

  • Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska, and Africa.

    The number of record loftier temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of tape low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950. The U.Due south. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.12

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  • The official website for NASA's fleet of Earth science missions that study rainfall and other types precipitation around the globe.

    The official website for NASA's fleet of Earth science missions that report rainfall and other types precipitation around the world.

  • Earth's water is stored in ice and snow, lakes and rivers, the atmosphere and the ocean. How much do you know about how water is cycled around our planet and the crucial role it plays in our climate?

    Earth'due south water is stored in ice and snowfall, lakes and rivers, the atmosphere and the body of water. How much do yous know about how water is cycled around our planet and the crucial function information technology plays in our climate?

Ocean Acidification

  • Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acidity of surface ocean waters has increased by about 30%.

    Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the acerbity of surface ocean waters has increased by most 30%.thirteen, 14 This increase is the result of humans emitting more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and hence more than being absorbed into the ocean. The ocean has captivated betwixt 20% and 30% of total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in recent decades (7.2 to 10.8 billion metric tons per year).15,16

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  • Graphic about how increased greenhouse gases from human activities result in climate change and ocean acidification.

    Graphic about how increased greenhouse gases from human activities result in climatic change and ocean acidification.

  • NOAA page on ocean acidification.

    NOAA page on ocean acidification.

References

  1. IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, Summary for Policymakers.

    https://world wide web.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/#SPM

    B.D. Santer et.al., "

    A search for human being influences on the thermal structure of the atmosphere," Nature vol 382, 4 July 1996, 39-46

    Gabriele C. Hegerl, "Detecting Greenhouse-Gas-Induced Climate Modify with an Optimal Fingerprint Method," Journal of Climate, v. 9, Oct 1996, 2281-2306

    5. Ramaswamy et.al., "Anthropogenic and Natural Influences in the Development of Lower Stratospheric Cooling," Scientific discipline 311 (24 February 2006), 1138-1141

    B.D. Santer et.al., "Contributions of Anthropogenic and Natural Forcing to Recent Tropopause Height Changes," Science vol. 301 (25 July 2003), 479-483.

    T. Westerhold et. al., "An astronomically dated record of Earth's climate and its predictability over the terminal 66 1000000 years," Science vol. 369 (xi Sept. 2020), 1383-1387.

  2. In 1824, Joseph Fourier calculated that an Earth-sized planet, at our distance from the Sunday, ought to be much colder. He suggested something in the atmosphere must exist acting like an insulating coating. In 1856, Eunice Foote discovered that coating, showing that carbon dioxide and water vapor in Earth's atmosphere trap escaping infrared (rut) radiation.

    In the 1860s, physicist John Tyndall recognized World's natural greenhouse effect and suggested that slight changes in the atmospheric composition could bring about climatic variations. In 1896, a seminal paper by Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius first predicted that changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels could substantially alter the surface temperature through the greenhouse result.

    In 1938, Guy Callendar connected carbon dioxide increases in Globe's temper to global warming. In 1941, Milutin Milankovic linked ice ages to Earth's orbital characteristics. Gilbert Plass formulated the Carbon Dioxide Theory of Climate change in 1956.

  3. Vostok ice core data; NOAA Mauna Loa CO2 record
    Gaffney, O.; Steffen, W. (2017). "The Anthropocene equation," The Anthropocene Review (Volume 4, Issue one, April 2017), 53-61.

  4. https://world wide web.ncdc.noaa.gov/monitoring-references/faq/indicators.php

    https://crudata.uea.air conditioning.uk/cru/data/temperature/​

    http://information.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp

  5. https://www.giss.nasa.gov/inquiry/news/20170118/

  6. Levitus, Due south.; Antonov, J.; Boyer, T.; Baranova, O.; Garcia, H.; Locarnini, R.; Mishonov, A.; Reagan, J.; Seidov, D.; Yarosh, E.; Zweng, Yard. (2017). NCEI bounding main heat content, temperature anomalies, salinity anomalies, thermosteric body of water level anomalies, halosteric sea level anomalies, and total steric sea level anomalies from 1955 to nowadays calculated from in situ oceanographic subsurface profile data (NCEI Accretion 0164586). Version 4.4. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. Dataset. doi: 10.7289/V53F4MVP

    https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/3M_HEAT_CONTENT/index3.html

    von Schuckmann, K., Cheng, L., Palmer, D., Hansen, J., Tassone, C., Aich, V., Adusumilli, S., Beltrami, H., Boyer, T., Cuesta-Valero, F., Desbruyeres, D., Domingues, C., Garcia-Garcia, A., Gentine, P., Gilson, J., Gorfer, M., Haimberger, Fifty., Ishii, Yard., Johnson, G., Killick, R., King, B., Kirchengast. Yard., Kolodziejczyk, N., Lyman, J., Marzeion, B., Mayer, M., Monier, Yard., Monselesan, D., Purkey, South., Roemmich, D., Schweiger, A., Seneviratne, S., Shepherd, A., Slater, D., Steiner, A., Straneo, F., Timmermans, ML., Wijffels, S. (2020). Heat stored in the Globe organisation: where does the energy go? Earth System Science Data (Book 12, Issue 3, 07 September 2020), 2013-2041.

  7. Velicogna, I., Mohajerani, Y., A, G., Landerer, F., Mouginot, J., Noel, B., Rignot, E., Sutterly, T., van den Broeke, M., van Wessem, M., Wiese, D. (2020). Continuity of ice sheet mass loss in Greenland and Antarctica from the GRACE and GRACE Follow‐On missions. Geophysical Inquiry Letters (Volume 47, Upshot viii, 28 April 2020, e2020GL087291.

  8. National Snowfall and Ice Data Center

    World Glacier Monitoring Service

  9. National Snow and Ice Data Center

    Robinson, D. A., D. 1000. Hall, and T. L. Mote. 2014. MEaSUREs Northern Hemisphere Terrestrial Snow Cover Extent Daily 25km EASE-Grid ii.0, Version 1. [Indicate subset used]. Boulder, Colorado USA. NASA National Snowfall and Ice Data Middle Distributed Active Annal Center. doi: https://doi.org/10.5067/MEASURES/CRYOSPHERE/nsidc-0530.001. [Accessed 9/21/18].

    http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/sotc/snow_extent.html

    Rutgers University Global Snowfall Lab, Information History Accessed September 21, 2018.

  10. R. S. Nerem, B. D. Beckley, J. T. Fasullo, B. D. Hamlington, D. Masters and G. T. Mitchum. "Climate-change–driven accelerated body of water-level rising detected in the altimeter era." PNAS, 2022 DOI: ten.1073/pnas.1717312115
  11. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/sotc/sea_ice.html
    Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation Organization (PIOMAS, Zhang and Rothrock, 2003)
    http://psc.apl.washington.edu/research/projects/arctic-sea-water ice-volume-anomaly/
    http://psc.apl.uw.edu/enquiry/projects/projections-of-an-ice-diminished-arctic-ocean/

  12. USGCRP, 2017: Climate Scientific discipline Special Report: Quaternary National Climate Assessment, Volume I [Wuebbles, D.J., D.Due west. Fahey, K.A. Hibbard, D.J. Dokken, B.C. Stewart, and T.K. Maycock (eds.)]. U.S. Global Modify Research Program, Washington, DC, USA, 470 pp, doi: ten.7930/J0J964J6

  13. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/What+is+Ocean+Acidification%3F

  14. http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification

  15. C. L. Sabine et.al., "The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2," Scientific discipline vol. 305 (16 July 2004), 367-371

  16. Special Report on the Body of water and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, Technical Summary, Chapter TS.5, Irresolute Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities, Department 5.two.2.iii.
    https://www.ipcc.ch/srocc/chapter/technical-summary/

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Source: https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/

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